Poultry slaughter in large numbers also often employs electrical stunning. Cattle are restrained in pens also aided by additional devices such as a belly push and chin lift. Can one determine if a little stress just before slaughter is good for loss of consciousness? A Belgian ban on kosher and halal slaughter of animals without being stunned has been backed by the European Court of Justice, which rejected objections by religious groups. Human sacrifice, where it existed, was always much more rare. Their slaughter rituals are deemed so Provision and consumption of meat for Muslim communities is an essential part of the religious life, and certain conditions must be met so that the meat is lawful, Halal, as opposed to Haram. However, animal welfare concerns still remain as referred to below. An earlier version of an essay on this same topic was published in the 2012 Proceedings of the Reciprocal Meat Conference of the American Meat Science Association. With religious slaughter it is important to distinguish between unconsciousness (loss of the ability to feel pain) and insensibility (loss of all reflexes in the head). If the new Anago knife sharpness testing instrument works, what is the minimum acceptable sharpness? Only poultry, cattle, sheep, and goats may be slaughtered through “religious slaughter.” These animals must be sedated with a “nonpenetrating bolt tool.” If that form of sedation is not effective, the animal must immediately be sedated with the use of a “penetrating bolt” or by the use of “electricity.” Cyprus – In Cyprus before slaughtering animals are required to be stunned but there is an exception in cases where religious methods of slaughter are adopted. What are the overall standards that one wishes to see achieved in slaughter houses doing the religious slaughter of animals? Stuart Rosen’s (2004) critical review that was peer reviewed but was not permitted to be published as such by the Veterinary Record is an important paper. Carrion (carcasses of dead animals, such as animals who died in the wild) cannot be eaten. The religious custom of slaughtering animals by slitting their throats and draining the blood should be adapted to prevent suffering, says the leader of Britain's vets. Laws governing religious slaughter ‘The Welfare of Animals (Slaughter or Killing) Regulations 1995’ sets out specific requirements for the slaughter of animals by the Jewish and Muslim methods. What are the parameters that one needs to consider? Animals usually enter the pen after going through a race. In the former case, a specially constructed cradle is used where each individual animal is lifted up, carried, and placed in a horizontal position before neck cutting. The slaughter of conscious animals was widely abandoned in the 20th Century and is now practiced mainly in the Jewish and Muslim communities. The chalaf needs to be inspected for sharpness after each cut. Report No. M.H. Recent advances in the welfare of livestock at slaughter, HSA Centenary Symposium, 30 June and 11 July 2011, Portsmouth, UK, Physiological reactions during slaughter of cattle and sheep with and without stunning. The often debated issue is about whether stunning should be acceptable before Halal slaughter. (2003) also previously found a slight increase in blood loss after electrical stunning in lambs, rather than an improvement in bleed out by slaughter without stunning. Gregory For example, New Zealand, where stunning is compulsory, has exported Halal meat from animals stunned and killed by Muslim slaughtermen for many years. Facomia pens tilt the animal around 45 degrees. In the UK and possibly elsewhere in Europe, the hindquarter part of the carcass (posterior to the 12th rib) is usually sold to domestic markets because it is tedious and difficult to porge. The new amendment to European Community regulation is aimed at bringing in further important changes, for example: Individual restraint and checks for recovery in ruminant animals slaughtered without stunning, A report on restraining bovine animals by inversion, Ban on hoisting and clamping legs of animals. For online talks on kosher/halal and on animal welfare (by JMR) and animal welfare (by Temple Grandin), please refer to www.cybertower.cornell.edu. 1976) has written two books that provide a comprehensive review of the physiology of religious slaughter, mainly kosher from a Jewish point of view, although it does not general separate the impact of the different forms of religious slaughter. Rabbi/Dr. Prohibition of blood - blood from permitted. These include beliefs that stunning is painful, animals suffer, and blood loss is insufficient if stunning is employed compared with slaughter without stunning. Is it better to cut the animal while in the middle of the restrainer or do it at the end and allow the animal to then fall onto a table? Today in a historic ruling for animals, the Court of Justice of the European Union has declared that EU member states can now choose to require the stunning of land animals before slaughter, and do not have to allow exceptions for any reason, including religious rites. Not logged in What are the pluses and minuses of this method? The major challenges to the religious slaughter of animals come from the secular world, which tries to lump both Muslim and Jewish religious slaughter together, generally to attack them. The issue of whether the neck cut is painful has received much controversy and discussion. A European Commission funded project, DIALREL, has recently disseminated information relating to religious slaughter (DIALREL, 2009) and the most recent comprehensive review on religious slaughter has been commissioned by the English Beef and Lamb Executive (EBLEX; Anil, 2012). Search for other works by this author on: Al-Masri, B. The preliminary report prepared for use in Holland (Regenstein 2011) documents in more detail some of the problems with the current literature in great detail. What happened to, "Thou shalt not kill?" Should animals be prepared ahead of time for religious slaughter, e.g., washing and shaving of the neck so the kosher slaughter men will rarely need to wait to slaughter the animal in the restraint because the neck does not meet their standard? Denmark, Germany, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, and Belgium all ban Kosher and Halal slaughter because it is considered cruel to the animals. According to the Food Standards Agency, 2.9 million animals were killed by kosher slaughter in … E. This is a preview of subscription content, Gibson TJ, Johnson CB, Murrell JC, Chambers JP, Stafford KJ, Mellor DJ (2009a) Components of electroencephalographic responses to slaughter in halothane-anaesthetised calves: effects of cutting neck tissues compared with major blood vessels. The religious or ritual slaughter as described above causes a rapid draining of bacteria- and hormone-carrying blood from an animal’s body, which is critical to healthy, blood-free meat. Library of the European Parliament, European Union. After slaughter when the Jewish slaughter man checks that the cuts were made properly are there any special instructions needed to minimize contact with the cut skin surfaces? Can the ergometric design of the cutting when using a V-restrainer be improved for the slaughter man? religious slaughter, animal welfare, stunning, restraining, ethics, moral Introduction The lack of an overarching halal authority has left the European market open to doubts in the areas where religion and consumer culture meet. In the UK, there are long-standing provisions in UK law which, subject to specific requirements, allow the slaughter of animals … … Muhammad stated in the hadith that mercy towards animals will be rewarded, animals are like humans in how they should be treated, and mental cruelty is forbidden, among other instructions on how to properly treat animals. Food Safety Assurance and Veterinary Public Health. Therefore, the fact that brain function is not completely lost gives an element of doubt about the presence of sensibility if no stunning is used. Religious slaughter of animals should not be banned. The race should have smooth curved sides if long as well as sufficient light. Levinger (1995), in his book on Shechita reviewed experiments in which blood parameters, color, and pH were measured under different slaughter methods (conventional with stunning versus no stunning) and concluded that sticking and blood loss were better after Shechita alone because of the very sharp knife used and efficacy of the cut. How does one establish the ideal length and shape of the knife? Keywords: Animal Welfare; Religious Slaughter; EU Jurisprudence; Halal and Kosher. It is extremely cruel, and causes great pain to the animals. The laws are pitched as pro-animal, but they also directly conflict with Jewish and Muslim religious laws surrounding ritual slaughter. Animal Sciences Group at Wageningen UR, Wageningen, Lambooij E, van der Werf JTN, Reimert HGM, Hindle VA (2010) Report 398. Shechita rules and effects on physiology, meat quality, and animal welfare are available (Zivotofsky, 2009, 2012; Rosen, 2004; Levinger, 1995). Blood must be drained from the veins. 54.36.68.2. However, there have been cases, when legal restrictions were imposed. Should a “quantitative” measurement be developed? It is estimated that 50% of total blood volume is lost during exsanguination. Shechita is the Jewish method of slaughtering animals and poultry for food. How does one select animals that are appropriate for religious slaughter, e.g., animals that are more used to seeing humans? Antwort Speichern. Under this Law, the religious community was … Thesis, University of Bristol, Kijlstra A, Lambooij E (2008) Report 161. How can this be monitored? EU law, like UK law before it, requires farm animals to be stunned before slaughter, but there is an exception for religious slaughter. Although perfusion of the brain with blood supplied through extra anastomosis is possible and has been demonstrated, it is argued whether this prolonged blood and oxygen availability is sufficient to maintain consciousness. How does one minimize stress on the farm, and during transportation and lairage at the slaughterhouse? Norway- Norway has a population of 5.3 million where there are 30,000 Muslims and 1200 Jews, so there is an act in Norway for animal welfare under which the slaughter of animals is regulated and which provides that sedation must take place prior to slaughter of animals. These meats must be slaughtered and prepared in accordance with the rabbinical laws. cean and molluscan shellfish are prohibited. Denmark- Being a member of the European Union and having a population of 5.8 million the new animal welfare protection introduced by Denmark related to slaughter was commendable. Background. Are there any telemetry or medical devices that can be adapted for this purpose? Una de las cuestiones más difíciles, asociadas con el Derecho Animal y la ética, se refiere a la regulación responsable del sacrificio de los animales de acuerdo con los requisitos de la … Not affiliated Kosher and Halal slaughter is an absolute requirement for all meat that Jews and Muslims eat. How does one get all religious slaughterhouses up to a minimal animal welfare standard? Shechita in the light of the year 2000. Treifa percentages of carcasses can be high. We serve customers from different cultures and religious beliefs, and this is reflected in the products we sell. H. There are differences between conventional and religious slaughter practices. For example, some rotary pens take unduly long to rotate and present cattle for slaughter. Jews consume beef, veal, mutton, lamb, and poultry, but not pork. Halal (Muslim) and Shechita (Jewish method) are the principle religious techniques subject to much debate. FVE is of the opinion that from an animal welfare point of view, and out of respect for an animal as a sentient being, the practice of slaughtering animals without prior stunning is unacceptable under any circumstances, for the following reasons: – Slaughter without stunning increases the time to loss of consciousness, sometimes up to several minutes; – During this period of … Gur Aryeh Institute for Advanced Jewish Scholarship, Brooklyn, Regenstein JM, Chaudry MM, Regenstein CE (2003) The kosher and halal food laws. Its aim is to establish whether certain optimum types of restraint apparatus exist for cattle as some existing ones may have inherent undue stress factors. Views on the religious slaughter of animals? These practices very often result in animals being killed using a knife to cut their throat and bled to death while being fully conscious. Following slaughter, a Jewish Inspector examines the carcass and rejects certain parts (treifa) and defects such as hemorrhages. Length of time to loss of consciousness depends on a number of factors such as the method of restraint, quality of the cut, as well as species differences. They argued that, in banning slaughter without pre-stunning and, therefore, not allowing Jewish and Muslim believers to obtain meat from animals slaughtered in accordance with their religious faith, the Flemish decree infringed Council Regulation (EC) No 1099/2009 of 24 September 2009 on the protection of animals at the time of killing – and, therefore, prevented Jewish and … These Regulations implement EC Directive 93/119/EEC. Consequently, self-appointed certifiers operate, resulting in confusion and low consumer confidence in product authenticity. Is a more aggressive cut and/or fewer strokes better for animal welfare? Where should cameras be placed in slaughter houses to optimize the ability to manage the slaughter? Animal slaughter is the killing of animals, usually referring to killing domestic livestock.It is estimated that each year 77 billion land animals are slaughtered for food. Levinger (Levinger 1995; Munk et al. The national and international norms such as the OIE (Office International Epizootique) standards and European regulations (European Community, 1993) apply to religious slaughter, with derogations. However, these products are now being objected to by the non-stun lobby groups. Anil Can the high speed moving double rail be built at a lower cost so more plants could afford them? How does one do the blood draws as the animal is losing both blood and blood pressure? In particular, restraint periods before and after a neck cutting can be long in some systems. Rotating pens are banned in the UK and USA due to potential stress of rotation. It is of utmost importance to expel as much blood as possible to meet religious requirements of Halal and Shechita slaughter. religious slaughter without stunning the animal is no longer morally acceptable.4 Public opinion has expressed their concerns, in particular the fact that religious slaughter requires the animal to be completely consciousness during the slaughter causing the animal unnecessary harm. Does the presence of lung adhesions actually result in slower growth of animals? The Muslim and Jewish communities, totaling nearly 25% of the world population, have similar philosophies in this regard. An upside down box needs to turn quickly and properly support the animal once upside down and while turning. I would like to thank Dr. Temple Grandin, Professor of Animal Science at Colorado State University for many helpful conversations, although the author must take full responsibility for the views expressed in this chapter. What we can and cannot eat is clearly outlined in our religion. Tesco is an international retailer operating in European and Asian markets. Following this inspection, the meat is “porged” to remove veins and other forbidden tissues including blood, certain fats known as chailev, and the sciatic nerve (usually both hind legs are removed). The European Court of Justice ruled Friday that authorities can order that animals be stunned before slaughter in a move decried by Israel and religious groups as attacking their traditions. Beste Antwort. In-depth information and critical reviews on religious slaughter can also be found in publications by Anil and Lambooij (2009), Levinger (1995), Al-Masri (1989), and Rosen (2004). It would be helpful to have a good set of anatomical drawings showing the various blood vessels between the heart and the brain for the key animal species being slaughtered either kosher or halal, so these can be more critically discussed and compared, e.g., cattle, sheep, water buffalo, and camel. Religious slaughter: A current controversial animal welfare issue Abstract. How can it be used as a management tool? Because of the above, moves to minimize welfare problems are under way to improve slaughter practices by providing more training and new regulations. , Regenstein J.M. EBLEX—a Divison of the Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board, UK. Can one determine whether the endorphin hypothesis as a way for an animal to die on a high has any merit? It was often claimed that stunning would adversely affect exsanguination and that neck cutting without stunning improves blood loss. Estonia’s Animal Protection Law regulates the slaughter of animals for religious purposes. Although legislation (Ferrari and Bottoni, 2010) usually covers conventional methods, exemptions for religious slaughter, particularly whether stunning is used, are in place. Claims are made that animal welfare compromises occur during the slaughter processes. Religious animal slaughtering is mainly prevalent in the Jewish and Islamic religious community. , Yesildere T., Aksu H., Matur E., McKinstry J.L., Erdogan O., Hughes S., Mason C. Ferrari March 1994, pages 115–123. In both communities there has been well-documented interest and concern for animal welfare, long before such concerns were fashionable in the Western world. How in a plant does one pragmatically assure that each animal is unconscious before being hung? It is claimed that immediate loss of blood pressure after neck cutting results in rapid loss of consciousness due to ischemia reduction of cerebrospinal fluid pressure (Rosen, 2004; Levinger, 1995). It can be for the purpose of food or any other religious offering. Part 2: Literature review. In the same study, when carotid occlusion occurred, vertebral artery blood flow was maintained at about 30% of its initial level for up to three minutes, and in some animals, it increased substantially following sticking (bleeding by neck cutting). M.H. Are there different rules for kosher and halal? Positions on religious slaughter vary around the world - in the US, for instance, it is specifically defined as a humane method in the Humane Slaughter Act (1958) - but elsewhere several countries have already restricted or banned slaughtering unstunned animals. The Jewish and Muslim communities have a set of dietary laws that control the food they eat. In most countries that require preslaughter stunning, there is dispensation for religious slaughter methods. In general, can equipment be redesigned so that the animal can be moved away from the equipment but be given time to become unconscious and eventually insensitive without violating animal welfare considerations? 12 The Animal Welfare Act 1999. Discussions have intensified especially with the concomitant increase in Muslim populations in European countries, meat exports into the Middle and Far East, and also consumer concerns and demands in both secular and Muslim groups. Pens must have gates to close after entry. The religious slaughter of animals is sometimes a challenge for the modern meat slaughter industry because the process is slower, requires more skill on the part of … Allah (SWT) has ordained certain things to go a certain way because of reasons the human brain cannot even fathom. Animals in Islam. Debate continues nevertheless, claiming that the cut did not simulate original Shechita or the knife was not long enough. How does one measure where the blood is in the lung? With kosher slaughter of animals there is sometimes a second cut. In the latter cases, both recorded responses were lost immediately, whereas after neck cutting without stunning in the former, responses, although gradually being reduced in amplitude, lasted almost a minute. At what blood pressure does an animal become “unconscious”? Another concern is the delayed time to loss of consciousness after the neck cut. Can this procedure help to decrease aneurisms? The brain of ruminants is perfused with blood from a vascular network called “the rete mirabile” that receives branches from the carotid and vertebral arteries. , Lambooij B. Anil Should some animal welfare licensing scheme be developed? These laws apply to all the meat Muslims consume, whether it is the animal … How does one evaluate blood in the trachea versus blood in the brachea? Halal slaughter provides us with detailed instructions pertaining to how we should slaughter animals for the consumption of their meat. How does one measure the sharpness of the knife blade? If animals are conscious during slaughter, the risk of suffering increases in three respects. It is generally agreed that grand mal epilepsy, quiescent period, amplitude less than 10% of the pre-stun recording in the EEG, and absence of evoked responses are indicative of unconsciousness. A Belgian ban on kosher and halal slaughter of animals without being stunned has been backed by the European Court of Justice, which rejected objections by religious groups. How does one evaluate the many behavioral traits that might determine the “quality” of the kill? Last updated: 29/01/2019. However, presence of evoked potentials does not necessarily imply consciousness because visual-evoked potentials can be recorded in animals under anesthesia (EFSA, 2004). Grandin T (2011) Recommended ritual slaughter practices. 2. Exactly where on the neck should the kill be done? However, Anil et al. Can this or another measurement be mechanized and monitored automatically on every animal. How can this be monitored and evaluated? Animal slaughtering is during the festival of Eid is allowed in India. Khalid (2011) has an extensive literature review that is a good starting point for the comprehensive and balanced literature review that is needed moving forward. We disagree with the contention that the "preservation of the religious rites of animal slaughter often sits uneasily with modern conceptions of animal welfare" and that as a result, the court should not allow member states to "hollow out" the 'religious exception'. Who should have access to the recordings? How does one use this timing as a management tool? N.G. They require that animals be stunned before slaughter in a manner that makes ritual slaughter impossible. Different designs of cattle restraint pens can be used at abattoirs. Ritual Slaughter and Animal Welfare. The major challenges to the religious slaughter of animals come from the secular world, which tries to lump both Muslim and Jewish religious slaughter together, generally to attack them. How does one check for the loss of the corneal reflex (i.e., the blinking reflex) and is this measurement the correct measurement to make for insensibility? Deutsch, An up to date assessment of the Muslim method of slaughter, Levinger, I.M. How does this important technique get instituted as a management tool to assure that animals are slaughtered properly? Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2:111–127, Rosen SD (2004) Physiological insights into shechita. Could this be used as a method to determine unconsciousness? How does one determine the time to unconsciousness while the animal is in the box? In cattle, extra anastomosis may bring in blood to the rete mirabile and brain sometimes even after exsanguination, whereas in sheep and goats, this is not the case. They argued that, in banning slaughter without pre-stunning and, therefore, not allowing Jewish and Muslim believers to obtain meat from animals slaughtered in accordance with their religious faith, the Flemish decree infringed Council Regulation (EC) No 1099/2009 of 24 September 2009 on the protection of animals at the time of killing – and, therefore, prevented Jewish and Muslim believers from … Electroencephalographic responses of halothane anaesthetized calves to slaughter by ventral-neck incision without prior stunning, Components of electroencephalographic responses to slaughter in halothane-anaesthetized calves: Effects of cutting neck tissues compared with major blood vessels, Religious slaughter and animal welfare: A discussion for meat scientists. [5] [6] India, which has 79.80% Hindu population as of ( 2011 census ), [7] had the lowest rate of meat consumption in the world according to the 2007 UN FAO statistics, [8] and India has more … N Z Vet J 57:90–95, Levinger IM (1995) Shechita in the light of the year 2000: critical review of the scientific aspects of the methods of slaughter and shechita. Maskil L'David, Physiological insights into Shechita. How does one make the good plants even better? However, before this ruling, exceptions have been allowed in the context of some religious practices. How does one measure neck tension and head movement? EU regulations require that animals be “rendered insensible to pain before slaughter,” but member states can make exceptions for religious rituals. Part of Springer Nature. Although this development has implications for both conventional as well as religious slaughter, the latter could be more affected. Can rapid tests using glucose and lactic acid be used to measure stress during slaughter? Although available scientific findings (Kalweit et al., 1989; Gibson et al., 2009a,b) do not agree with some of these, it is clear that Shechita is a skilled and self-regulated procedure carried out in selected kosher species by highly trained professionals. When should the head-holder be released and when should the animal be turned back upright? 10 Needham, C. (2012) Religious Slaughter of Animals in the EU. Older arguments by Rosen (2004) and Levinger (1995) stating that the Shechita cut is painless because use of the sharp knife causes no pain and brain function is lost immediately still get support. There are three views: i) Those who accept it if conditions are met because the welfare of animals is protected and rules are maintained (Al-Masri, 1989); ii) those who reject the idea because stunning is unnecessary, against religious rules, or creates problems for animals because of perceived painful effects (Katme, 1986); and iii) others who are either not sure or want assurances in both cases. Standard Note: SN/SC/1314 . Anonym. However, unlike the Jewish Shechita system, no official Halal regulatory authority exists. The debate on deciding the correct rules is still continuing, and a set of standards prepared by the Organization of Islamic Countries (OIC) is under consideration. Under this Law, the religious … Restrictions on religious ritual—Kosher and Halal—slaughter are the more common of the two. Dialrel Deliverable 1.4. How can greater use of these pens be encouraged? Some of the issues may not involve scientific issues currently being studied and debated, but even if not a topic of research, they are included so that (1) If the information is wrong or needs updating it can be addressed, and (2) If changes in procedures are needed, it is important to have the bigger picture in mind to hopefully minimize any unintended consequences elsewhere in the system of any proposed changes. According to observers, Estonian policies on religious slaughter are the strictest among the European Union Member States. Anil et al. Most. The religious slaughter of animals is sometimes a challenge for the modern meat slaughter industry because the process is slower, requires more skill on the part of slaughterhouse and the slaughterman, requires more attention to the details of animal handling, and needs specialized equipment that is often expensive, especially for higher line speeds. EU regulations require that animals be “rendered insensible to pain before slaughter,” but member states can make exceptions for religious rituals. How can the rejection of animals for lung adhesions or other religious defects during kosher slaughter be minimized? Religious texts set down traditional methods of slaughter; simply using a knife to kill the animal. vor 9 Jahren. How can a low volume upright pen be optimized for animal welfare while retaining the lowest possible price, including restrainers for large steers and bulls? What type of monitoring of slaughter men is appropriate? In sheep, however, the time period is much quicker (Anil et al., 2004). Nevertheless, it is found in other religions also like Sikhism and Hinduism. insects are also not considered Kosher. N Z Vet J 57:77–83, Gibson TJ, Johnson CB, Murrell JC, Mitchinson SL, Stafford KJ, Mellor DJ (2009c) Amelioration of electroencephalographic responses to slaughter by non-penetrative captive-bolt stunning after ventral-neck incision in halothane-anaesthetised calves. Welfare of calves—1. In a law that went into effect in 2019, Belgium mandated that all animals be stunned before slaughter, virtually banning Jewish and Islamic ritual slaughter, which requires that animals be in perfect health before they are killed. How does one minimize vocalization and electric prod use? Supporters of religious slaughter methods that reject preslaughter stunning believe that their particular method is humane. Anatomical differences in cattle can lead to occlusions of the arteries and recovery episodes in blood pressure in calves (Anil et al., 1995b). Is the neck incision painful (Gibson et al., 2009a,b)? 1995. Current concerns about religious slaughter focus on stress of preslaughter handling using certain devices, pain and distress that may be felt during and after neck cutting, as well as prolonged times to loss of brain function and death if stunning is not applied. These guidelines cover both scenarios including religious slaughter with and without stunning. There are two camps about the pain issue: Those who think the cut is quick and painless, and therefore slaughter without stunning can be effective and acceptable, and others who argue that varying degrees of severe pain is inevitable. A neck cut high has any merit number and “ quality ” the. The belly holder be better designed still remain as referred to below animal! All meat that Jews and muslims eat 154:759–765, Grandin T, Regenstein JM ( 1994 ) Euthanasia and of. | Cite as ( Muslim ) and Shechita ( Jewish method ) are the strictest the! Meet religious requirements of Halal and kosher poultry, but not pork what to... 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